Contents

Abstract

Preface

Acknowledgements

Contents

List of figures

List of Tables

1. Introduction and outline

• 1.1 Research contributions towards theory and practice
• 1.2 Open sourcing while private sourcing emerged after 2001
• 1.3 Open sourcing raises private sourcing as an opposite
• 1.3.1 The behaviours coincide with the rising open source movement
• 1.3.2 The behaviours have analogies in other domains
• 1.4 The method is inductive from case studies into pluralistic paradigm interplay
• 1.5 Seven case studies over 10 years found micro-level analysis
• 1.6 The cases are placed in background contexts
• 1.7 Descriptive theory-building alongside three paradigms
• 1.7.1 Architectural problem-seeking → quality-generating sequencing
• 1.7.2 Inhabiting disclosive spaces → affordances wayfaring
• 1.7.3 Governing subworlds → anticipatory appreciating
• 1.8 Normative theory building with co-responsive movement
• 1.8.1 Open innovation learning-for categorizes enskilling attentionality
• 1.8.2 Open innovation learning-by layers weaving flows in form-giving
• 1.8.3 Open innovation learning-alongside respects agencing strands
• 1.8.4 Alternative stable states, teleonomy and teleology
• 1.9 Study limitations, future research and practical implications

2. Behaviours: open sourcing, private sourcing

• 2.1 Legalities: software licensing and the rise of open source
• 2.1.1 Source language is for humans; target language is for machines
• 2.1.2 Copyright can be licensed; derivative work can also be protected
• 2.1.3 Private source licensing has each licensees affirm privileges
• 2.1.4 Free/libre reciprocal licensing perpetuates defined freedoms
• 2.1.5 Open source permissive licensing allows relicensing with attribution
• 2.1.6 Open source permissive to free/libre reciprocal: can copy, not derive
• 2.1.7 Open source permissive to private source: can copy, can derive
• 2.2 Behaviours: norms with open sourcing or private sourcing
• 2.2.1 What + where: “the best way” vs. “ a thousand flowers bloom”
• 2.2.2 When + why: “timelines + ideals” vs. “piecemealing+ situated”
• 2.2.3 Who + how: “front stage, backstage” vs. “mutually accommodating”
• 2.3 Precursors: open sourcing and private sourcing prior to 2001
• 2.3.1 From 1993, IBM internal private sourcing proscribed open sourcing
• 2.3.2 From 1998, open sourcing Apache while private sourcing WebSphere
• 2.3.3 In 2000 and 2001, IBM each year invested $1 billion in Linux
• 2.4 Contribution: Focus on open sourcing while private sourcing

3. Research approach: inductive from case studies

• 3.1 Data: The history of open sourcing while private sourcing is observed as events, activities and choices ordered over time
• 3.1.1 Process data: Over a decade, ways that open sourcing does and doesn’t work with private sourcing were discovered
• 3.1.2 Multilevel data: open sourcing while private sourcing coevolved for individuals, teams, corporations and non-profits
• 3.2 Analysis: In hindsight, processual abstractions of evolutionary stages of open sourcing while private sourcing can be constructed 70
• 3.2.1 Sequencing actions and circumstances aims to explain outcomes in the stream of changes within a domain
• 3.2.2 Replicating theoretically across multiple case studies infers a business context changing systemically, rather than just situationally
• 3.2.3 Appreciating contexts changing sees individual/workgroup dynamics coevolving with organizational/institutional redefinitions
• 3.3 Induction: From data towards building theory, open sourcing while private sourcing instances are generalized to hypotheses
• 3.3.1 Abstracting towards theory draws from concrete case studies supplemented by descriptions of contemporaneous contexts
• 3.3.2 Generating pattern language with a paradigm grounds a theory emerging with hypothesizing
• 3.4 Multiparadigm research: Interplay across pluralistic paradigm accommodates multiple worldviews
• 3.4.1 Corollaries learning across plural paradigms reflection on the design of underlying inquiring systems
• 3.4.2 Interplaying across multiple paradigms encourages fuller synthesis for future development
• 3.5 Summary: Inductive case study leading to metainquiry enables a platform and trajectory for further enrichment and theory-testing

4. Case studies

• 4.1 Seven case studies are representative stories over a decade 88
• 4.2 Case: Integrating-development (IDEs) 89
• 4.3 Case: Microblogging (broadcast messaging) 91
• 4.4 Case: Blogging (serial web content sharing) 93
• 4.5 Case: Wikiing (collaborative web content sharing) 95
• 4.6 Case: Podcasting (digital media syndication) 97
• 4.7 Case: Mashing-up (situational applications) 99
• 4.8 Case: Coauthoring (collaborative document editing) 102
• 4.9 Open sourcing while private sourcing began circa 2001 109

5. Contexts

• 5.1 Context: IBM senior managers, from 2001, advancing strategic bets 112
• 5.1.1 IBM would lead the industry by both innovating and integrating
• 5.1.2 IBM would evolve e-business from services-led to on demand
• 5.1.3 IBM would invest in enterprise systems, integrating middleware, and specialized high-value components
• 5.1.4 IBM would turn toward open architectures and commons standards
• 5.1.5 Through 2009, IBM reiterated on open source and open standards
• 5.2 Context: IBM employees, from 1996, engaging globally online 117
• 5.2.1 From 1996, IBMers conferenced on IBMPC, then IBM Forums
• 5.2.2 From 1996, IBMers got connected to the Internet and w3 intranet
• 5.2.3 From 1996, IBMers shared emerging technologies on alphaWorks
• 5.2.4 From 2000, IBMers have pooled on source code repositories
• 5.2.5 From 2001, IBMers have collaborated on global online jam events
• 5.2.6 From 2005, IBM early adopters have collaborated on innovations via the Technology Adoption Program
• 5.2.7 From 2005, IBMers wikied guidelines and grew social computing
• 5.2.8 From 2006, IBM alumni connect via the Greater IBM Connection
• 5.3 Context: IBM consultants, from 2004, focused priorities from business leaders through industry-based executive studies 131
• 5.3.1 From 2004, IBM consultants surveyed priorities on innovation and strategic change with Global CEO Studies
• 5.3.2 From 2005, IBM consultants surveyed functional executives with additional C-suite studies
• 5.4 Context: IBM researchers, from 2004, led studies on longer horizon opportunities for social impact
• 5.4.1 Since 2004, IBM researchers led the Global Innovation Outlook
• 5.4.2 Since 2005, IBM researchers have led the Services Science, Management, Engineering and Design initiative
• 5.5 Context: At large, from 2000, businesses, creatives, academics, governments and makers, taking up open sourcing 141
• 5.5.1 From 2000, private sourcing businesses explored commercial options in open sourcing through new communities and institutions
• 5.5.2 From 2002, Creative Commons has standardized open licensing
• 5.5.3 From 2005, open government data cooperated with citizens
• 5.5.4 From 2005, open source hardware rose with the maker movement
• 5.5.5 By 2006, research on (commons-based) peer production crossed over from academia to popularity

6. Quality-generating sequencing, alongside a paradigm of architectural problem-seeking

• 6.1 A paradigm of architectural problem-seeking can be seen as articulating structure
• 6.2 A theory of quality-generating sequencing emerges alongside architectural problem-seeking
• 6.3 Pattern concerns entailed by quality-generating sequencing include program envisioning, realizing and elaborating
• 6.3.1 Program envisioning entails quality-generating sequencing
• 6.3.2 Program realizing entails quality-generating sequencing
• 6.3.3 Program elaborating entails quality-generating sequencing
• 6.4 Hypothesizing for a theory of quality-generating sequencing

7. Affordances wayfaring, alongside a paradigm of inhabiting disclosive spaces

• 7.1 A paradigm of inhabiting disclosive spaces can be seen as being-in-the-world with practice theory
• 7.2 A theory of affordances wayfaring emerges alongside inhabiting disclosive spaces
• 7.3 Patterns concerns entailed by affordances wayfaring include enskilling, equipping and legitimating
• 7.3.1 Enskilling entails affordances wayfaring
• 7.3.2 Equipping entails affordances wayfaring
• 7.3.3 Legitimating entails affordances wayfaring
• 7.4 Hypothesizing for a theory of affordance wayfaring

8. Anticipatory appreciating, alongside a paradigm of governing subworlds

• 8.1 A paradigm of governing subworlds can be seen as regulating commercial and non-commercial domains
• 8.2 A theory of anticipatory appreciating emerges alongside governing subworlds
• 8.3 Patterns concerns entailed by anticipatory appreciating include judging material reality, formal value(s) and efficient instrumentality
• 8.3.1 Judging material reality entails anticipatory appreciating
• 8.3.2 Judging formal value(s) entails anticipatory appreciating
• 8.3.3 Judging efficient instrumentality layers into anticipatory appreciating
• 8.4 Hypothesizing for a theory of anticipatory appreciating 212

9. Open innovation learning, with a paradigm of co-responsive movement

• 9.1 Emerging cases where open innovation learning is relevant
• 9.2 Open innovation learning with a paradigm of co-responsive movement sees open sourcing alongside private sourcing
• 9.3 Innovation learning [enskilling attentionality] for (episteme)
• 9.3.1 Proto-learning is enskilling attentionality for selecting an alternative in context
• 9.3.2 Deutero-learning is enskilling attentionality for changing the set or sequence of alternatives in contextual change
• 9.3.3 Trito-learning is enskilling attentionality for changing systems of alternatives in meta-contextual change
• 9.3.4 Hypothesizing for a theory of open innovation learning-for
• 9.4 Innovation learning [weaving flows in form-giving] by (techne)
• 9.4.1 Learning-by-doing is weaving flows in form-giving in experiencing
• 9.4.2 Learning-by-making is weaving flows in form-giving in constructing
• 9.4.3 Learning-by-trying is weaving flows in form-giving in co-configuring
• 9.4.4 Hypothesizing for a theory of open innovation learning-by
• 9.5 Innovation learning [agencing strands] alongside (phronesis)
• 9.5.1 Learning-alongside is agencing strands of polyrhythmia entangling eurhythmia
• 9.5.2 Learning alongside is agencing strands of regenerating entangling preserving
• 9.5.3 Learning alongside is agencing strands of less-leading-to-more entangling more-leading-to-more
• 9.5.4 Hypothesizing for a theory of open innovation learning-alongside
• 9.6 Philosophy of alternative stable states: teleonomy meets teleology

Appendix A. The phenomena of interest – seven case studies

• A.1 Case: Integrating-development (IDEs)
• A.1.1 Context: In the mid-1990s, software development tools were coupled to target platforms
• A.1.2 (a) Private sourcing: Java IDE from OTI
• A.1.3 (b) Open sourcing: Eclipse Consortium
• A.1.4 (c) Open sourcing: Eclipse Foundation
• A.1.5 (d) Private sourcing: Eclipse Platform in IBM Products
• A.1.6 Prospects: Eclipse is a popular foundation for both open sourcing and private sourcing software development continuing with momentum
• A.2 Case: Microblogging (broadcast messaging)
• A.2.1 Context: One-to-many near-synchronous interpersonal messaging
• A.2.2 (a) Private sourcing: IBM Community Tools (via the Webahead team)
• A.2.3 (b) Open sourcing: Lotus Sametime 7.5 Plug-ins (via the Technology Adoption Program)
• A.2.4 (c) Open sourcing: BlueTwit with Twitter (on the IIOSB)
• A.2.5 (d) Open sourcing: MicroBlogCentral – Status Updater plug-in and Hackdays
• A.2.6 (e) Private sourcing: Lotus Connections (Profiles status messages)
• A.2.7 (f) Open sourcing: Status Updater plug-in on OpenNTF
• A.2.8 Prospects: Features of broadcast messaging from 2003 became popularized as micro-blogging by 2006
• A.3 Case: Blogging (serial web content sharing)
• A.3.1 Context: Personal web pages
• A.3.2 (a) Open sourcing: Roller
• A.3.3 (b) Open sourcing: IBM Blog Central
• A.3.4 (c) Private sourcing: IBM developerWorks Blogs
• A.3.5 (d) Open sourcing: w3 Blog Central v2, v3, v4
• A.3.6 (e) Private sourcing: Lotus Connections Blogs
• A.3.7 Prospects: Blogging is an individual open sourcing expression that organizations can cultivate
• A.4 Case: Wikiiing (collaborative web content sharing)
• A.4.1 Context: Wiki as simple web sharing
• A.4.2 (a) Open sourcing: JSPWiki
• A.4.3 (b) Open sourcing: Instawiki
• A.4.4 (c) Open sourcing: w3 Wiki Central v2
• A.4.5 (d) Private sourcing: Lotus Quickr Wiki Template
• A.4.6 (e) Private sourcing: Lotus Connections Wikis
• A.4.7 Prospects: Adopting an open sourcing wiki is easy; maintaining the content and linking with other information requires resources
• A.5 Case: Podcasting (digital media syndication)
• A.5.1 Context: Podcasting followed from extending the specifications for web content syndication
• A.5.2 (a) Open sourcing: Podcasting Support on Instawiki
• A.5.3 (b) Open sourcing: Webahead Podcasting Pilot
• A.5.4 (c) Open sourcing: w3 Media Library
• A.5.5 (d) Open sourcing: Apache Abdera Contribution
• A.5.6 (e) Private sourcing: IBM Products including Apache Abdera
• A.5.7 (f) Open sourcing: w3 Media Library (on the Innovation Hosting Environment)
• A.5.8 Prospects: Digital media syndication shapes and is shaped by communication patterns in an organization
• A.6 Case: Mashing-up (situational applications)
• A.6.1 Context: organization were beginning to publish open web service APIs
• A.6.2 (a) Open sourcing: QEDWiki on alphaWorks Services
• A.6.3 (b) Open sourcing: SAE (Situational Applications Environment on w3 TDIL)
• A.6.4 (c) Open sourcing: SAE Contests (on w3 TDIL)
• A.6.5 (d) Open sourcing: IBM DAMIA (on alphaWorks Services)
• A.6.6 (e) Open sourcing: Mashup Startup Kit (on alphaWorks)
• A.6.7 (f) Open sourcing: SAE (updates with the Mashup Starter Kit)
• A.6.8 (g) Private sourcing: IBM Mashup Center (Lotus Mashups and InfoSphere MashupHub)
• A.6.9 (h) Open sourcing: IBM Mashups (on w3 TAP)
• A.6.10 Prospects: Programmers create web mashups, but situational applications remain ad hoc
• A.7 Case: Coauthoring (collaborative document editing)
• A.7.1 Context: The battle on collaborative document editing was part a larger war on the “web as platform”
• A.7.2 (a) Open sourcing: OpenDocument 1.0 approved as an OASIS Standard on Mar. 1, 2005
• A.7.3 (b) Private sourcing: IBM Managed Workplace Client Documents (fork of OpenOffice 2)
• A.7.4 (c) Open sourcing: Office Open XML approved as ECMA-376 on Dec. 7 2006
• A.7.5 (d) Open sourcing: OpenDocument 1.1 approved as an OASIS Standard on Feb. 1, 2007
• A.7.6 (e) Open sourcing: IAccessible2 accepted by Free Standard Group on Dec. 14, 2006
• A.7.7 (f) Private sourcing: IBM Lotus Productivity Tools (for Lotus Notes and Domino 8, and Quickr Connectors)
• A.7.8 (g) Private sourcing: IBM Lotus Productivity Tools (on TAP)
• A.7.9 (h) Private sourcing: IBM Lotus Symphony 1 (on TAP, and public beta)
• A.7.10 (i) Private sourcing: IBM Lotus Symphony 1.1 for Lotus Notes and Domino 8.0.2
• A.7.11 (j) Private sourcing: IBM Lotus Symphony 1.2.1 for Lotus Notes 8.5 as an OASIS Standard on September 29, 2011
• A.7.12 (k) Open sourcing: OpenDocument 1.2 approved as an OASIS Standard on September 29, 2011
• A.7.13 (l) Private sourcing: IBM Lotus Symphony 3 (fork of OOo 3)
• A.7.14 (m) Private sourcing: IBM Lotus Symphony 1.3 and 3.0 (via ISSI)
• A.7.15 (n) Open sourcing: IBM influences Oracle donation of OpenOffice to Apache
• A.7.16 (o) Open sourcing: IBM donates Symphony to Apache and contributes to OpenOffice 4
• A.7.17 (p) Private sourcing: Project Concord, LotusLive Symphony, IBM Docs
• A.7.18 Prospects: Collaborative document authoring continues to evolve from legacy personal computing with emerging web standards
• A.8 Summary: Open sourcing has coevolved with private sourcing, as new ways of collaborating are uncovered

Appendix B. Backgrounds to the phenomena: five contexts

• B.1 IBM senior managers, from 2001, advancing strategic bets
• B.1.1 IBM would lead the industry by both innovating and integrating
• B.1.2 IBM would evolve e-business from services-led to on demand
• B.1.3 IBM would invest in enterprise systems, integrating middleware, and specialized high-value components
• B.1.4 IBM would turn toward open architectures and common standards
• B.1.5 Through 2009, IBM reiterated on open source and open standards
• B.2 IBM employees, from 1996, engaging globally online
• B.2.1 From 1996, IBMers conferenced on IBMPC, then IBM Forums
• B.2.2 From 1996, IBMers got connected to the Internet and w3 intranet
• B.2.3 From 1996, IBMers shared emerging technologies on alphaWorks
• B.2.4 From 2000, IBMers have pooled on source repositories
• B.2.5 From 2001, IBMers have collaborated on global online jam events
• B.2.6 From 2005, IBM early adopters have collaborated on innovations via TAP
• B.2.7 From 2005, IBMers wikied guidelines and grew social computing
• B.2.8 From 2006, IBM alumni connect via the Greater IBM Connection
• B.3 IBM consultants, from 2004, focused priorities from business leaders through industry-based executive studies
• B.3.1 From 2004, IBM consultants surveyed priorities on innovation and strategic change with Global CEO Studies
• B.3.2 From 2005, IBM consultants surveyed functional executives with additional C-suite studies
• B.4 IBM researchers, from 2004, led studies on longer horizon opportunities for social impact
• B.4.1 Since 2004, IBM researchers led the Global Innovation Outlook
• B.4.2 Since 2005, IBM researchers have led the Services Science, Management, Engineering and Design initiative
• B.5 At large, from 2000, businesses, creatives, academics, governments and makers, taking up open sourcing
• B.5.1 From 2000, private sourcing businesses explored commercial options in open sourcing through new communities and institutions
• B.5.2 From 2002, Creative Commons has standardized open licensing
• B.5.3 From 2005, open government data cooperated with citizens
• B.5.4 From 2005, open source hardware rose with the maker movement
• B.5.5 By 2006, research on (commons-based) peer production crossed over from academia to popularity
• B.6 Summary: Open sourcing behaviour maturing over a decade

Notes

References